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1. POWERDESIGNER 16.5 VIEW REFERENCE PARENT CHILD FULL
2. POWERDESIGNER 16.5 VIEW REFERENCE PARENT CHILD SOFTWARE
3. POWERDESIGNER 16.5 VIEW REFERENCE PARENT CHILD PROFESSIONAL

POWERDESIGNER 16.5 VIEW REFERENCE PARENT CHILD SOFTWARE

All analyses were performed using statistical software that accounted for the complex sample design of NHANES.

POWERDESIGNER 16.5 VIEW REFERENCE PARENT CHILD FULL

To estimate the amount of toothpaste used, parents were asked, “On average, how much toothpaste (do you/does SP) use when brushing (his/her) teeth?” Responses, based on the amount of toothpaste on the toothbrush, were categorized as smear, pea size, half load, and full load. Response to the question “How many times (do you/does SP) brush (his/her) teeth in one day?” was recoded into the following three categories: 1 time, 2 times, and 3–6 times. This analysis was limited to children and adolescents aged 3–15 years whose parent or caregiver completed the following open-ended questions: “At what age did study participant (SP) start brushing (his/her) teeth?” and “At what age did (SP) start using toothpaste?” The responses were coded into the following four categories: <1 year, 1 year, 2 years, and ≥3 years. population data are obtained from assessments made using interview questionnaires and clinical examinations ( 5). NHANES is a multistage probability sample of the noninstitutionalized U.S. Parents and caregivers can play a role in ensuring that children are brushing often enough and using the recommended amount of toothpaste. In addition, nearly 80% of children aged 3–15 years started brushing later than recommended.

POWERDESIGNER 16.5 VIEW REFERENCE PARENT CHILD PROFESSIONAL

Analysis of 2013–2016 data found that >38% of children aged 3–6 years used more toothpaste than that recommended by CDC and other professional organizations.

This study estimates patterns of toothbrushing and toothpaste use among children and adolescents by analyzing parents’ or caregivers’ responses to questions about when the child started to brush teeth, age the child started to use toothpaste, frequency of toothbrushing each day, and amount of toothpaste currently used or used at time of survey. Questions on toothbrushing practices and toothpaste use among children and adolescents were included in the questionnaire component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the first time beginning in the 2013–2014 cycle. Children aged 3 years should use no more than a pea-sized amount (0.25 g) until age 6 years, by which time the swallowing reflex has developed sufficiently to prevent inadvertent ingestion. Therefore, CDC recommends that children begin using fluoride toothpaste at age 2 years. However, ingestion of too much fluoride while teeth are developing can result in visibly detectable changes in enamel structure such as discoloration and pitting (dental fluorosis) ( 1). Brushing children’s teeth is recommended when the first tooth erupts, as early as 6 months, and the first dental visit should occur no later than age 1 year ( 2– 4). Fluoride use is one of the main factors responsible for the decline in prevalence and severity of dental caries and cavities (tooth decay) in the United States ( 1).